According to International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), a British research institute, the military budget of India in 2018 was $ 58 billion, 2.1 percent of its gross domestic product (GDP), for its 1.4 million active troops, while the total spending of Pakistan in 2018 was $11 billion, about 3.6 percent of its GDP, on its 653,800 troops.
The IISS noted that Pakistan also received $100 million in foreign military assistance during the last year.
About missiles and nuclear weapons, a Washington-based Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) observed that India has nine types of operational missiles, including the Agni-3 with a range of 3,000km to 5,000km whereas Pakistan's missile programme, built with Chinese assistance, includes mobile, short- and medium-range weapons that can reach any part of India. The Shaheen-2 has the longest range, up to 2,000km, it further noted.
The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) noted that Pakistan has 140 to 150 nuclear warheads, compared with India's 130-140 warheads. This is other than what Pakistan military sources claimed, saying that Pakistan has 100-130 nuclear warheads compared to India's 90-110 nuclear warheads.
About the total army personnel, the IISS stated in a recent report that India has an army of 1.2 million personnel, supported by more than 3,565 battle tanks, 3,100 infantry fighting vehicles, 336 armoured personnel carriers and 9,719 pieces of artillery.
It stated that Pakistan's army is smaller, with 560,000 troops backed by 2,496 tanks, 1,605 armoured personnel carriers, and 4,472 artillery guns, including 375 self-propelled howitzers.
However, Pakistan military sources said that Pakistan has around 2,924 tanks against India's 6,424 tanks. Despite its larger army, the IISS observed in its report that the capability of India's "conventional forces is limited by inadequate logistics, maintenance and shortages of ammunition and spare parts".
However, military sources said that there are around 620,000 active Pakistan military personnel compared to India's 1,325,000.
India has a total of 809 attack aircraft, while there are concerns about the older Russian jets like the MiG-21, retiring soon. India is also in possession of 677 fighter aircraft.
Pakistan is in possession of about 394 attack aircraft and 304 fighter aircraft. Pakistan also has 52 attack helicopters compared to India's 19 attack helicopters, the sources further stated.
India's navy consists of one aircraft carrier, 16 submarines, 14 destroyers, 13 frigates, 106 patrol and coastal combatant vessels, and 75 combat-capable aircraft compared to Pakistan's 9 frigates, 8 submarines, 17 patrol and coastal vessels, and 8 combat-capable aircraft.